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Long Range Navigation Low-frequency hyperbolic radio Long-Range Navigation system which measures time difference between reception of synchronised signals transmitted from ground transmitters. Loran-C operates in the 100-110 kHz frequency band with an operating range of 600-1,500 nm independent of line-of-sight. Long Term ATCO Manpower Planning Simulation The LAMPS Project proposes a generic prototype of a dynamic ATCO manpower planning simulation model. Has, as its core, a PC-based gaming interface that use graphs and tables to show the results of interactive simulation of various ATCO manpower scenarios. LAMPS is based on system dynamics concepts and runs under VENSIM (Ventana Simulator) and Sable. software. Long Term Memory One of the four components of the structural model of the cognitive processes of ATC. Stores the Mental Model (MM), the information, and the information processing routines and programmes. Longitudinal Acceleration See Along Track Acceleration. Longitudinal Conformance An aspect of flight conformance that expresses how well a flight is adhering to its system trajectory from the longitudinal perspective. Quantified by calculating the longitudinal deviation this aspect of flight conformance may be thought of as either a distance or time interval that the flight is ahead or behind the planned position. Longitudinal Deviation The distance, measured in the x, y plane, between a flight’s current system trajectory position and the flight’s predicted position. Longitudinal Deviation Non-conformancy A flight related situation that exists whenever the flight’s longitudinal deviation exceeds the longitudinal deviation threshold. Longitudinal Deviation Threshold A monitoring criteria parameter that determines whether a longitudinal deviation non-conformancy exists. Low Frequency The set of frequencies between 30 and 300 kHz. Low Level Windshear Alert System A system installed at over 110 airports in the United States designed to detect wind shifts between outlying stations and a reference centerfield station. If an LLWAS alert (triggered by wind speed and/or direction differential) occurs, it indicates the presence of something shear-like, but does not provide magnitude or location. However, the absence of an alert does not necessarily indicate that it is safe to proceed. Low Noise Amplifier High quality preamplifier. Low Noise Amplifier/Diplexer In the AMSS the LNA/DPLX amplifies the RF signal received by the antenna to compensate for system signal losses. Low Pass Filter A filter that allows frequencies below a cut-off frequency to pass while attenuating frequencies above the cut-off frequency.

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Lower Layers A term pertaining to the physical, data link network and transport layers of the OSI reference model. Lowest Usable Flight Level The lowest fligh level available for use above the transition altitude (also known as the Transition Level). Lowest usable flight level (MTCD) The minimum level aircraft are allowed to use within a certain airspace (MTCD).