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旋翼機飛行手冊 ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK

時間:2011-04-05 11:32來源:藍天飛行翻譯 作者:航空 點擊:

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As the helicopter becomes light on the skids, make necessary cyclic pitch control adjustments to maintain a level attitude. When airborne, use the antitorque pedals to maintain heading and the collective to ensure continuous vertical assent to the normal hovering altitude. When hovering altitude is reached, use the throttle and collective to control altitude, and the cyclic to maintain a stationary hover. Use the antitorque pedals to maintain heading. When a stabilized hover is achieved, check the engine instruments and note the power required to hover. You should also note the position of the cyclic. Cyclic position varies with wind and the amount and distribution of the load.
Excessive movement of any flight control requires a change in the other flight controls. For example, if while hovering, you drift to one side, you naturally move the cyclic in the opposite direction. When you do this, part of the vertical thrust is diverted, resulting in a loss of altitude. To maintain altitude, you must increase the collective. This increases drag on the blades and tends to slow them down. To counteract the drag and maintain r.p.m., you need to increase the throttle. Increased throttle means increased torque, so you must add more pedal pressure to maintain the heading. This can easily lead to overcontrolling the helicopter. However, as your level of proficiency increases, problems associated with overcontrolling decrease.
COMMON ERRORS
1 Failing to ascend vertically as the helicopter becomes airborne.
2 Pulling through on the collective after becoming airborne, causing the helicopter to gain too much altitude.

1 Overcontrolling the antitorque pedals, which not only changes the handling of the helicopter, but also changes the r.p.m.
2 Reducing throttle rapidly in situations where proper r.p.m. has been exceeded. This usually results in exaggerated heading changes and loss of lift, resulting in loss of altitude.

 
 

HOVERING
Hovering is a maneuver in which the helicopter is maintained in a nearly motionless flight over a reference point at a constant altitude and on a constant heading. The maneuver requires a high degree of concentration and coordination.
TECHNIQUE
To maintain a hover over a point, you should look for small changes in the helicopter’s attitude and altitude. When you note these changes, make the necessary control inputs before the helicopter starts to move from the point. To detect small variations in altitude or position, your main area of visual attention needs to be some distance from the aircraft, using various points on the helicopter or the tip-path plane as a reference. Looking too close or looking down leads to overcontrolling. Obviously, in order to remain over a certain point, you should know where the point is, but your attention should not be focused there.
As with a takeoff, you control altitude with the collective and maintain a constant r.p.m. with the throttle. Use the cyclic to maintain the helicopter’s position and the pedals to control heading. To maintain the helicopter in a stabilized hover, make small, smooth, coordinated corrections. As the desired effect occurs, remove the correction in order to stop the helicopter’s movement. For example, if the helicopter begins to move rearward, you need to apply a small amount of forward cyclic pressure. However, neutralize this pressure just before the helicopter comes to a stop, or it will begin to move forward.

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