Chapter 12—Attitude Instrument Flying
Flight Instruments .................................................12-1
Pitot-Static Instruments ....................................12-1
Airspeed Indicator........................................12-1
Instrument Check.........................................12-1
Altimeter ......................................................12-2
Instrument Check.....................................12-2
Vertical Speed Indicator....................................12-2
Instrument Check.........................................12-2
System Errors...............................................12-2
Gyroscopic Instruments ....................................12-3
Attitude Indicator.........................................12-3
Heading Indicator ........................................12-3
Turn Indicators.............................................12-4
Instrument Check.........................................12-4
Magnetic Compass............................................12-4
Compass Errors............................................12-4
Magnetic Variation.......................................12-4
Compass Deviation..................................12-5
Magnetic Dip ...........................................12-5
Instrument Check.....................................12-5
Instrument Flight ...................................................12-5
Instrument Cross-Check ...................................12-5
Instrument Interpretation ..................................12-6
Aircraft Control ................................................12-7
Straight-and-Level Flight..................................12-7
Pitch Control................................................12-7
Attitude Indicator.....................................12-8
Altimeter..................................................12-8
Vertical Speed Indicator ..........................12-8
Airspeed Indicator ...................................12-9
Bank Control................................................12-9
Attitude Indicator.....................................12-9
Heading Indicator ..................................12-10
Turn Indicator ........................................12-10
Common Errors During
Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-10

Power Control During
Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-11
Common Errors During
Airspeed Changes.......................................12-11
Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed
and Constant Rate)..........................................12-11
Entry...........................................................12-12
Leveloff......................................................12-14
Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and